CFPB Proposes Scope of Non-Bank Supervision
The new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has issued a Notice and Request for Comment on the proposed scope of its Dodd-Frank supervisory authority for certain non-depository institutions. The CFPB's Notice outlines potential criteria for defining the scope of this supervisory authority and identifies six potential other markets that CFPB may supervise: (1) debt collection; (2) consumer reporting; (3) consumer credit and related activities; (4) money transmitting; (5) check cashing and related activities; (6) prepaid cards; and (7) debt relief services.
Section 1024 of Dodd-Frank grants supervisory authority to the CFPB for "covered persons" in the residential mortgage, private education lending, and payday lending markets. In other markets, CFPB would have supervisory authority only over a "larger participant." Dodd-Frank assigned CFPB the task of issuing a rule on or before July 21, 2012, to identify these other markets and to define "larger participant."
CFPB seeks public comment on the criteria and threshold to define a "larger participant" and on the data to be used in measuring these criteria. CFPB also seeks public comment on the consideration of whether the six "other markets" should be included in the initial rule and/or whether additional markets should be included.
US Supreme Court: FAA Preempts Discover Bank Rule
The U.S. Supreme Court today issued its opinion in AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, reversing the Ninth Circuit opinion below and holding that California's Discover Bank rule is preempted by the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 2 ("FAA").
In Concepcion, plaintiffs filed suit in federal district court alleging false advertising and fraud, asserting AT&T charged sales tax on cellular telephones advertised as "free." AT&T moved to compel arbitration. The district court denied the motion, citing Discover Bank v. Superior Court, 26 Cal.App. 4th 148 (2005), which held class action waivers in most consumer arbitration agreements are unconscionable, and therefore subject to the FAA's savings clause and not preempted. The Ninth Circuit affirmed.
Continue Reading...Here Comes the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has a new website, and is making significant personnel additions, creating its internal structure, and otherwise preparing for the commencement of its official authority in July. The CFPB is also blogging, tweeting, facebooking, youtubing, and hiring.
Among many other things, the CFPB's website defines the scope of its "Core Functions" as follows:
* Conduct rule-making, supervision, and enforcement for Federal consumer financial protection laws;
* Restrict unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices;
* Create a center to take consumer complaints;
* Promote financial education;
* Research consumer behavior;
* Monitor financial markets for new risks to consumers; and
* Enforce laws that outlaw discrimination and other unfair treatment in consumer finance.
In December, the U.S. Treasury announced the creation of a new Consumer Inquiry and Complaint database, to be maintained by the CFPB, to track, collect, analyze, and refer consumer inquiries and complaints about consumer financial products and services, scheduled to take effect today. The CFPB has also announced the creation of a future Consumer Response Center to receive consumer complaints and inquiries related to consumer financial services.
(Still) Tracking Financial Regulatory Reform
As the scope and content of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act is shaped in the regulatory process, follow the latest developments on the Federal Reserve's website tracking financial regulatory reform. The Fed is publicly reporting on meetings will taking place between the Board and the public--representatives of bank organizations, consumer groups, trade associations, researchers and academics on regulatory reform issues, including systemic risk, derivatives trading, interchange fees, and consumer financial protection, and related proposals for comment.
The Fed is also reporting on current and future milestones in the regulatory process. Among other significant events, the Fed, OTS, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and FDIC will issue a joint report to Congress and the Inspectors General of the participating agencies on the agencies' plans to implement the transfer of OTS authorities by March 2011.
One to Watch: AT&T Mobility, LLC v. Concepcion
The U.S. Supreme Court has granted cert in AT&T Mobility, LLC v. Concepcion, an appeal from the 9th Circuit case Laster v. AT&T Mobility, LLC, to consider whether the Federal Arbitration Act preempts states from conditioning the enforcement of an arbitration agreement on the availability of particular procedures. In Laster, the 9th Circuit rejected AT&T's argument that the FAA preempts California law that holds class arbitration waivers unconscionable.
9th Circuit Reverses Denial of FACTA Class Certification
In Bateman v. American Multi-Cinema, Inc., the 9th Circuit last week reversed the district court's denial of class certification in a case alleging violation of the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACTA), 15 U.S.C. 1681c(g)(1), a statute intended to combat identity theft by prohibiting credit and debit card receipts issued to consumers from reflecting the expiration date or more than the last five digits of the card number.
Plaintiff Bateman alleged that defendant had violated FACTA by issuing credit and debit card receipts from automatic ticket machines that included both the first four and last four digits of the card number. Plaintiff filed a putative class action seeking to recover statutory damages for each class member.
Continue Reading...9th Circuit Affirms Preemption of CCRAA
In Carvalho v. Equifax Information Services, LLC, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the dismissal of plaintiff's claim under California's Consumer Credit Reporting Agency Act (CCRAA), Civil Code 1785.1 et seq., as preempted by the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), 15 U.S.C. 1681t(b)(1)(F).
In Carvalho, plaintiff incurred medical bills of $118. Plaintiff's carrier denied coverage for the bills, plaintiff failed to pay, and the provider sent the balance to a collection agency. After collection efforts, plaintiff refused to pay the invoice, and the collection agency reported the debt to the CRAs. Plaintiff disputed the debt with the CRAs in a series of letters. The CRAs reinvestigated various times and the furnisher verified the debt after each reinvestigation.
Plaintiff filed a putative class action complaint against the furnisher and the CRAs in Monterey County Superior Court alleging violation of the California CCRAA. The Superior Court granted the furnisher's demurrer based on preemption of the CCRAA by the FCRA. The CRAs then removed the case to federal court based on the Class Action Fairness Act, 28 U.S.C.1332(d) (CAFA). Plaintiff moved to remand; the district court denied the motion. Plaintiff moved for class certification and for leave to amend her complaint; the district court denied plaintiff's motions and granted the CRAs' motions for summary judgment. Plaintiff appealed.
Continue Reading..."Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act" Is Now Law
President Obama today signed the "Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act," which will bring comprehensive changes to consumer financial services, and to consumer finance litigation, including mortgages, credit cards, retail credit, debt collection, arbitration, preemption, and auto finance. See details about the changes coming, as seen by the White House, and the President's signing remarks.
Financial Regulatory Reform is (Almost) a Done Deal
The U.S. Senate voted 60-39 yesterday to pass the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which the White House says President Obama will sign into law next week. While consumer finance attorneys digest the massive changes coming with this comprehensive bill (in mortgages, credit cards, retail credit, debt collection, arbitration, preemption, and auto finance), the scope of the changes will likely depend on the implementing regulations, and how these regulations are interpreted by Courts.
A few things are clear now. First, the OTS is fading away. Second, consumer arbitration may be too. Third, federal preemption is likely to be more difficult to obtain in consumer finance litigation.
Conference Reaches Deal on Financial Regulatory Reform
The House-Senate Conference to reconcile financial regulatory reform reached a final agreement on the legislation on Friday. The "Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act" calls for the creation of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, an independent agency to be housed at the Federal Reserve, with a broad mandate to regulate consumer financial services of virtually all types.
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau will have an independent director appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, with an independent budget and independent rule writing, examination, and enforcement authority. The CFPB consolidates consumer protection responsibilities of the OCC, OTS, FDIC, Federal Reserve, NCUA, HUD, and the FTC. Among other things, the legislation also creates a new Office of Financial Literacy to disseminate information to consumers and a new consumer hotline for consumer questions.
Continue Reading...Tracking the Conference on Financial Regulatory Reform
The House-Senate Conference to reconcile financial regulatory reform legislation begins today. Track the conference with the House Financial Services Committee or the Senate Banking Committee. The hearing also will be broadcast live on C-SPAN and webcast live at the House Financial Services Committee site.
Financial Regulatory Reform Moving Forward
Legislation for federal financial regulatory reform, introduced by the Obama administration in June, is moving forward through the legislative process. Treasury Secretary Geithner testified before the House Financial Services Committee on September 23.
The proposed financial regulatory reform legislation in the U.S. House is the Consumer Financial Protection Agency Act of 2009 in the House (HR 3126). The Financial Services Committee has issued a section-by-section summary of the proposed legislation as well as a September 25 discussion draft.
Track the progress of the legislation at the administration's Financial Stability website.
9th Circuit Details Corporate Citizenship Tests
In a significant case for credit card issuers and retailers, the Ninth Circuit has detailed the application of its tests of corporate citizenship for purposes of federal jurisdiction. In Davis v. HSBC Bank Nevada, N.A., et al., the Court held that retailer Best Buy is not a citizen of California merely because it has more presence in this state than in any other state.
In Davis, plaintiff sued credit card issuer HSBC and retailer Best Buy, asserting claims for violation of California's unfair competition statute, §17200, and false advertising statute, §17500, alleging the companies defrauded consumers by failing to adequately disclose the credit card's annual fee. Defendants removed the case to federal court based on the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 ("CAFA"). Plaintiff moved to remand based on the local controversy exception to federal jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. §1332(d)(4), which bars federal jurisdiction where, among other things, at least one defendant is a citizen of the original forum state. The district court granted plaintiff's motion to remand. Defendants appealed.
Continue Reading...9th Circuit Remands Class Arbitration Waiver
The Ninth Circuit last week addressed choice of law considerations in the context of a class wide arbitration waiver. In Hoffman v. Citibank (South Dakota), N.A., the Ninth Circuit held that the district court's analysis of California choice of law was flawed, and remanded for the district court to re-analyze whether California or South Dakota law applies to the class arbitration waiver.
In Hoffman, Citibank issued a credit card to Hoffman in 1994 which contained a choice of law provision favoring South Dakota law. In a mailing in 2001, Citibank gave Hoffman notice of a change in the arbitration provision of the cardholder agreement, including a waiver of class arbitration. Hoffman did not object and continued to use the card.
Hoffman later sued Citibank, alleging that Citibank had improperly retroactively increased cardholders' interest rates, among other things. Citibank removed the case to federal court and moved to compel arbitration. The district court applied South Dakota law pursuant to the choice of law provision. Holding that the class arbitration waiver was not unconscionable under South Dakota law, the district court granted Citibank's motion to compel arbitration of plaintiff's claims on an individual basis. Hoffman moved to certify the ruling for immediate appeal. The district court granted the motion and the Ninth Circuit granted Hoffman's petition to be heard.
Continue Reading...Will California Courts Enforce Your Choice of Law?
Defendant Omni, a Nevada corporation with its principal place of business in Nevada, provided a personal loan to plaintiff borrower Joshua Brack, a nonresident member of the military stationed at California's Camp Pendleton. Omni's loan agreement contained a choice of law provision in favor of Nevada law. Brack repaid the loan in full in 2002.
In 2003, Brack filed a class action against Omni, alleging violations of the California Finance Lenders Law (Fin.Code §22000 et seq.), the Consumers Legal Remedies Act ("CLRA") (Civ. Code §1750 et seq.) and California's Unfair Competition Law (Bus. and Prof. Code §17200). After a trial on Omni's Nevada choice of law defense, the trial court entered judgment in favor of Omni. Brack moved to set aside the judgment. The trial court denied the motion and Brack appealed.
Continue Reading...
The Bell Tolls for Some FACTA Class Actions
On June 3, 2008, President Bush signed the Credit and Debit Card Receipt Clarification Act, retroactively amending the statute "to declare that any person who printed an expiration date on any receipt provided to a consumer cardholder at a point of sale (POS) or transaction between December 4, 2004, and the enactment of this Act, but otherwise complied with FCRA requirements for such receipt, shall not be in willful noncompliance by reason of printing such expiration date on it."
This revision does not remove all liability in this circumstance—a merchant may still be liable for actual damages for a negligent violation—but the amendment significantly reduces the prospect of onerous statutory penalties for a willful violation and, as a result, makes class certification in these cases less likely.
